|
Saint Michael of Chernigov or Mikhail Vsevolodovich ( – Saray, September 20, 1246) was a Rus' prince (a member of the Rurik dynasty). He was grand prince of Kiev (1236–1240, 1240, 1241–1243); and he was also prince of Pereyaslavl (1206), of Novgorod-Seversk (1219–1226), of Chernigov (1223–1235, 1242–1246), of Novgorod (1225–1226, 1229–1230), and of Halych (1235–1236).〔 Archaeological evidence reveals that Chernihiv towns enjoyed an unprecedented degree of prosperity during his period which suggests that promoting trade was a priority for him.〔 Commercial interests, in part, also motivated him to seize control of Halych and Kiev because they were channels through which goods from the Rhine valley and Hungary passed to Chernihiv (Ukraine).〔 He also negotiated commercial treaties and political alliances with the Poles and the Hungarians.〔 He alleviated the tax burden of the Novgorodians and granted their ''boyar''s greater political freedom from the prince.〔 He was the last autonomous senior prince of Kiev, where he was deposed not by a more powerful prince but by the invincible Mongols.〔 On the eve of Mongol invasion, he was one of the most powerful princes in Rus’.〔 He has been accused of ineffective leadership because he failed to unite the princes of Rus’ against the invaders; in his defense it must be pointed out that this was an impossible task.〔 Mikhail was the first prince of the Olgovichi (the dynasty of Chernigov) to become a martyr according to the commonly understood meaning of the word: he underwent the penalty of death for persistence in his Christian faith.〔 He and his ''boyar'' Fedor (Theodore) were tortured and beheaded by the Tatars.〔 They later became known as "The Passion-Sufferers of Chernigov" and "The Miracle-Workers of Chernigov".〔 ==His early life== He was the only known son of prince Vsevolod Svyatoslavich (who later became grand prince Vsevolod IV the Red of Kiev), by Anastasia,〔 the daughter of grand duke Casimir II of Poland.〔 The patrimonial domain of his father was located in the northwestern part of the Vyatichi lands where he undoubtedly spent his childhood.〔 When Mikhail was a child, he suffered from a paralyzing illness.〔 His grandfather, grand prince Svyatoslav III Vsevolodovich of Kiev gave much wealth to churches in unsuccessful attempts to obtain a cure.〔 Finally, he heard of the miracle-worker Nikita living in the Monastery of St. Nicetas at Pereyaslavl-Zalessky in Suzdalia.〔 The prince, accompanied by ''boyar''s, rode to the town and arrived at the monk’s pillar.〔 The stylite gave his staff to one of his ''boyar''s to take to the prince; Mikhail took hold of it, was cured, and walked to the miracle-worker’s pillar for his blessing.〔 Following his cure, he gave a generous benefaction to the monastery and ordered a stone cross to be erected, according to one source on May 16, 1186, on the spot where he was cured.〔 Although the event is reported only in late sources and embellished with pious details, the account has a ring of truth.〔 In the summer of 1206, his father seized Kiev, sent his ''posadniki'' to all the Kievan towns, and forced grand prince Rurik Rostislavich to withdraw to Vruchiy (today ''Ovruch'' in Ukraine).〔 Vsevolod Svyatoslavich also evicted Yaroslav Vsevolodovich (son of grand prince Vsevolod Yuryevich of Vladimir) from Pereyaslavl, and gave the town to Mikhail.〔 However, Rurik Rostislavich was determined to regain control of Kiev, and expelled Vsevolod Svyatoslavich with relative ease.〔 Rurik Rostislavich also ordered Mikhail, who had only a small retinue at his disposal, to vacate Pereyaslavl, and thus he withdrew to his father in Chernihiv.〔 Some time in the summer of 1207, his father occupied again Kiev, but in October, Rurik Rostislavich rode to Kiev, drove out Vsevolod Svyatoslavich for the second time and occupied the town; Mikhail accompanied his father from Kiev.〔 No sources report Mikhail’s marriage, but evidence suggests that he married Elena Romanovna (or Maria Romanovna),〔 a daughter of prince Roman Mstislavich of Halych in 1210 or 1211.〔 In June 1212, prince Mstislav Romanovich of Smolensk, prince Mstislav Mstislavich the Bold of Novgorod and prince Ingvar Yaroslavich of Lutsk launched a major offensive against Vsevolod Svyatoslavich who confronted the attackers at Vyshgorod.〔 However, the Rostislavichi occupied Kiev.〔 Vsevolod Svyatoslavich fled from Kiev, probably accompanied by Mikhail, for the third time and sought safety in Chernihiv where he died sometime in August 1212.〔 Mikhail probably inherited Bryn, Serensk, and Mosalsk from his father.〔 When his uncle Gleb Svyatoslavich died between 1215 and 1220, and Mstislav II Svyatoslavich moved to Chernihiv, Mikhail, because of his status as the second in seniority, probably occupied Novgorod-Seversk.〔 In the spring of 1223,〔 a strong Mongol cavalry corps under the command of Jebe and Subutai which had been sent by Genghis Khan to reconnoiter the “western lands” entered the land of the Cumans. Unable to withstand the onslaught, the Cumans fled to Rus’ warning the princes that if they refused to send aid the same fate would befall them.〔 At the war council of the Rus’ princes it was decided not to wait for the coming of the Tatars but to attack them deep in the Cuman steppes.〔 Mikhail also attended the meeting.〔 The united forces of the princes went down the river Dnieper, and the first skirmish took place on the banks of the river.〔 In this vanguard battle Mstislav Mstislavich the Bold succeeded in defeating a detachment of Mongol troops.〔 Crossing the Dnieper, their armies marched through the steppes for 8 days before they met the main Mongol force at the banks of the Kalka River.〔 There was no unity of command in the Russian army.〔 The results were disastrous: after the battle, a number of princes (including Mstislav II Svyatoslavich of Chernigov) perished during the flight.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Michael of Chernigov」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|